# Introduction

### TOCTTOU

**Execution ordering is only guaranteed within a thread.** There are many possible execution orderings for a **"simultaneous"** launch of two processes $$P_1$$ and $$P_2$$.

Some execution orderings can be buggy. For example, the program calls two functions `do_action()` and `check_input()`. If the execution ordering is different from the intended logic that the programmer expected, the attacker may **bypass the check** and trick the program to execute something that it is **not supposed to execute**. This bug type is called **Time of Check to Time of Use**, and it is abbreviated as **TOCTTOU**.

### Example

Consider the following source code `toctou.c`:

```c
// toctou.c
#include <assert.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdio.h>

void check_input(char *filename)
{
    int i;
    FILE *f = fopen(filename, "r");
    fscanf(f, "%d", &i);
    fclose(f);
    assert(i == 0);
}

void do_action(char *filename)
{
    int i;
    FILE *f = fopen(filename, "r");
    fscanf(f, "%d", &i);
    fclose(f);

    i++;
    f = fopen(filename, "w");
    fprintf(f, "%d\n", i);
    printf("Wrote %d!\n", i);
    fclose(f);
}

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
    check_input(argv[1]);
    do_action(argv[1]);
}
```

Compile the source code:

```bash
gcc toctou.c -o toctou
```

Now let's do an experiment. Open tmux and create 3 windows. In the first two windows (processes $$P_1$$ and $$P_2$$), start two infinite loops that keep executing `toctou`:

```bash
while : ; do ./toctou num ; done 2>/dev/null
```

In the last window, start another infinite loop that keeps writing 0 to `num`:

```bash
while : ; do echo 0 > num ; done
```

Here we can notice the **inconsist** results:



The intended output is `Wrote 1!`, but there are cases where the program outputs `Wrote 2!`. This is becasue we trigger the TOCTOU bug. For these cases, the execution ordering is something like this:

```
P1: check_input();
P2: check_input();
P1: do_action();
P2: do_action();
```

Both processes call `check_input()` first, so they pass the `assert(i == 0);` check. Later on, both processes call `do_action()` so that the counter `i` gets incremented twice. As a result, we have `i = 2` in the end.
